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By JOHN CLARKE 12/24V 3-Stage MPPT Solar Charge Controller Are you building the ultrasonic anti-fouling unit for your boat? You will need a solar panel and a charge controller to keep the batteries topped up. Or are you thinking of a large solar panel for your caravan or 4-wheel drive? Again, you will need a solar charge controller. This is the one to build. T HIS CHARGE CONTROLLER is suitable for 12V panels up to 120W and 24V panels up to 240W. It incorporates Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and 3-stage battery charging. It works with any 12V panel from 40W up to 120W (3.3-10A) and can also be used with 24V panels in the 80W to 240W range, in conjunction with a 24V battery. Wouldn’t it be nice if you could just wire a solar panel (or panels) to a battery or two and leave it at that? Unfortunately, for all but the smallest panels, this is a very bad idea. The battery will be overcharged on sunny days and on cloudy days the battery 38  Silicon Chip may not charge at all, even though the panel is capable of harvesting energy. So there is no choice – you need a charge controller. This Charge Controller is suitable for charging Flooded Lead Acid, Gel-Cell (Sealed Lead Acid or SLA) and AGM (Absorbed Glass Mat) type batteries. Ideally, any battery used in a solar system should be a “deep discharge” type. Car batteries are not deep discharge types and are not suitable. Ultrasonic anti-fouling for boats We have already mentioned the Ultrasonic Anti-fouling unit for boats (SILICON CHIP, September & November 2010). This must run continuously to protect the boat hull from marine growth and for those without shore power, a solar panel and charge controller is the only solution. For this application we recommend, at minimum, a 12V 40W panel with a 12V 12Ah SLA battery. For continuous anti-fouling, the circuit draws an average of about 200mA. Over a 24-hour period this amounts to 4.8Ah or 60Wh per day from the 12V battery. This means that if a 40W panel generates full power for 1.5 hours or longer each day, this is enough for the anti-fouling unit to operate. However, if you are also concerned about autosiliconchip.com.au matic operation of bilge pumps etc, a 40W panel would be a good choice. The reason we have specified a larger panel and battery than strictly necessary is twofold. First, for a boat installation, you cannot orient the panel for best efficiency. If you are on a swing mooring, the boat’s heading will constantly change according to wind direction and even if it didn’t, you would still install the panel to result in minimum windage and this means that it must be installed horizontally. The same comment generally applies to a caravan installation. Second, you need a bigger panel to cope with sustained periods of bad weather when there is little sun. In Australia, we receive a yearly average of five peak sun hours per day. Seasonal monthly breakdowns are available at http://www.yourhome.gov. au/technical/fs67.html#siting Fig.1: The current/ voltage curve for a typical 120W solar panel. Maximum current, with the output shorted, is Isc and maximum voltage, with the output open circuit, is Voc. For best efficiency, the panel is operated at its maximum power point. MPPT & charge optimisation Given that the solar panel is mounted horizontally, it is most important to collect as much energy as possible from it and this is where the Charge Controller’s MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) comes in. As shown in Fig.1, for a typical solar panel exposed to full sunlight, the output ranges from maximum current when the output is shorted (Isc) to maximum voltage when the output is open circuit (Voc). For a typical 120W 12V panel, Isc is 7.14A and Voc is 21.8V. But the maximum power from a 120W panel is at 6.74A and 17.8V which is hardly a suitable match for a lead-acid battery. If we were to connect that 120W solar panel directly to the battery, the charge current would be about 7.1A at 12V (85.2W), 7.05A at 13V (91.7W) and 7A at 14.4V (101W), ie, much less than the 120W available from the solar panel at 17.8V. By contrast, MPPT keeps the so- lar panel current and voltage at the maximum power point while charging the battery, even though the battery voltage is lower than the solar panel voltage. This is achieved by an intelligent switchmode step-down voltage converter. To see how this works, refer to the block diagram of Fig.2 below. Current from the solar panel flows through diode D1 and Mosfet Q1. When Q1 is Fig.2: this block diagram shows how the microcontroller (IC1) monitors the battery and panel voltages and the current. It also shows how the switchmode step-down circuit for battery charging is arranged. When Q1 is on, current (i1) flows through inductor L1 and into capacitor C2 and the battery. When Q1 switches off, the stored energy in L1 is fed to the battery via diode D2 (current path i2). siliconchip.com.au February 2011  39 BATTERY VOLTAGE BATTERY VOLTAGE CUTOFF VOLTAGE FLOAT VOLTAGE BULK ABSORPTION CUTOFF VOLTAGE FLOAT FLOAT VOLTAGE EQUALISATION BULK FLOAT TIME CHARGE CURRENT TIME CHARGE CURRENT TIME TIME STANDARD THREE-STAGE CHARGING CHARGING WITH EQUALISATION Fig.3: the three standard battery charging stages. First is the initial bulk charge. Once the battery reaches the cut-off voltage, the absorption stage takes over to fully charge it. Finally, the float stage maintains its charge. on, current (i1) flows through inductor L1 into capacitor C2 and the battery. This stores energy in the inductor’s magnetic field. After a short period, Q1 is switched off and the stored energy in L1 is fed to the battery via diode D2 (current i2). The microcontroller (IC1) controls this switching with a pulse width modulated (PWM) 31.25kHz gate signal to Q1. The ratio of the on to off period (duty cycle) for Q1 is controlled so that Fig.4: the charging cycle with equalisation enabled. Instead of the absorption stage, the battery voltage is allowed to rise by 10% over the cut-off voltage to cause gassing within the cells. This charges the cells equally. the solar panel delivers its maximum power. The solar panel is not required to supply the peak current into the inductor as this is drawn from the reservoir capacitor, C1. Both C1 & C2 are low ESR (effective series resistance) types, suited to operation at high frequency. The voltage from the solar panel is monitored by op amp IC2a, while op amp IC2b measures the panel current via a 0.01Ω current sense resistor. IC2b 12V Ah Capacity Maximum Charge Current (Typical) Maximum Solar Panel Rating Recommended Solar Panel Rating 40Ah SLA & AGM 12A 140W 120W 40Ah Lead Acid 10A 120W 120W 38Ah SLA & AGM 11A 130W 120W 38Ah Lead Acid 9.5A 110W 80W 26Ah SLA & AGM 7.8A 90W 80W 26Ah Lead Acid 6.5A 75W 65W 20Ah SLA & AGM 6A 75W 65W 20Ah Lead Acid 5A 60W 60W 18Ah SLA & AGM 5.4A 65W 65W 18Ah Lead Acid 4.5A 50W 40W 12Ah SLA & AGM 3.6A 40W 40W 12Ah Lead Acid 3A 36W 20W Table 1: recommended solar panel power ratings for 12V lead-acid (flooded wet cell) batteries, gel-cell (sealed lead acid or SLA) batteries & absorbed glass mat (AGM) batteries. 40  Silicon Chip has a gain of -45 and works as a lowpass filter. Both op amps feed their signals to IC1 which then calculates the correct duty cycle for Q1 to keep the panel at the maximum power point. 3-stage charging As well as controlling the MPPT, IC1 also manages the charging of the 12V (or 24V) lead-acid battery. The battery is charged in three stages, as shown in Fig.3. Charging begins as soon as the battery voltage is below 12.45V (assuming the panel is generating power) and starts with the “bulk charge” stage. During this stage, maximum power is transferred from the solar panel to the battery until it reaches the cut-off voltage, which is 14.4V at 20°C. After this, the charger switches to the “absorption” phase where the battery is maintained at the cut-off voltage for one hour, to ensure it is fully charged. Finally, the “float” stage maintains the battery at 13.5V at 20°C, to keep the battery topped up. The cut-off voltage (for the bulk and absorption stages) and the float voltage are reduced when the ambient temperature is above 20°C, in accordance with battery manufacturers’ charging specifications. For a typical 12V battery, this is 19mV/°C (or double that for a 24V battery). So siliconchip.com.au for a 12V battery at 30°C, the voltages are reduced by 190mV, to 14.21V and 13.31V respectively. The circuit measures ambient temperature with a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor within the charger. The assumption is that its ambient temperature is similar to that of the battery as they are usually in close proximity. If necessary, the thermistor can be connected to the charger via a flying lead so that it can be closer to the battery for more accurate temperature measurement. No charging occurs if the thermistor wires are shorted or if it is not connected. This is useful when the thermistor is off-board, where the wiring could be damaged. A LED “Thermistor” indicator flashes momentarily once every two seconds when the thermistor is open circuit and once a second when it is shorted. In addition, the charging state is indicated by three LEDs, one each for the bulk, absorption and float stages. A battery that has been discharged below 10.5V will be charged using short bursts of current until it reaches 10.5V, whereupon the bulk charge will begin. This initial charge state is indicated by a short flash of the bulk stage LED, once every four seconds. Equalisation In addition to the standard 3-stage charging there is an option for battery cell equalisation. When enabled, an equalisation stage runs instead of the absorption phase (after the bulk charge stage). Equalisation is a process that attempts to ensure that all the cells in the battery are equally charged. Its occasional use can extend battery life. What happens is that, over time, the electrolyte within the battery becomes stratified, with the acid solution strength varying with depth in the battery. Generally the solution is weaker at the top of each cell and stronger toward the bottom. In addition, because a 12V battery comprises six 2V cells in series, it is common for some cells to become fully charged before others reach full charge. This leaves some cells undercharged while other cells can be overcharged. In essence, equalisation is deliberate over-charging to ensure that gassing occurs in all the cells. This allows the electrolyte in the cells to be stirred up and to reverse any stratification siliconchip.com.au Features & Specifications Features Supports 40-120W 12V panels or 80-240W 24V panels Microprocessor controlled 3-stage battery charging MPPT (maximum power point tracking) Automatic maximum power point detection Charge indicator LEDs Adjustable temperature compensation for charge voltage Optional battery equalisation Specifications Battery standby current (all LEDs off):............................................3.6mA typical <at> 12.6V Charge start voltage.................................................................................................. 12.45V Bulk charge cut off voltage (20°C).............................................................................. 14.4V Absorption voltage (20°C).......................................................................................... 14.4V Float voltage (20°C).................................................................................................... 13.5V Equalisation voltage (20°C)............................................................. 15.84V (14.4V + 10%) Absorption/Equalisation time..................................................................................... 1 hour Temperature compensation..............................0-50mV/°C relative to 20°C (stops at 0°C) Thermistor warning.............................................................................. open or short circuit Low battery charge..............................................below 10.5V charge duty cycle is 6.25% Switching frequency..............................................................................................31.25kHz Maximum power calibration.......................................................................20ms every 20s Charge termination................................ battery voltage >15V (except during equalisation)                             or panel voltage <12V Equalisation............................................................................. once each time switch is set Voltage error output............................... high (5V) if voltage is below 11.5V or above 15V that may have occurred. It effectively means that all cells are over-charged to a degree, rather than just one or two. Hence, during equalisation, the battery is over-charged by about 10% above the cut-off voltage. Fig.4 shows the charging cycle with an equalisation stage replacing the absorption phase. Equalisation should not be done frequently, however. In practice, standard lead-acid (flooded) batteries can have their life extended by equalisation once a month, while AGM and SLA batteries should only be equalised a couple of times each year. It is best to check the manufacturer’s recommendations for equalisation intervals. Because equalisation should only be run occasionally, the 12/24V Solar Charge Controller does not normally run an equalisation cycle. When the equalisation switch is turned on, the equalisation LED will flash twice in acknowledgement. It must remain on for equalisation to occur the next time the battery is charged (ie, following the next bulk charge stage). During the equalisation phase, the equalisation LED stays lit. This LED flashes momentarily every two seconds when equalisation is complete and will continue flashing while ever the equalisation switch is still on. Equalisation will not occur again until the switch is turned off and then on again. As shown in the photos, the Solar Charge Controller is housed in a diecast aluminium case. Cable glands are included to clamp the leads to the solar panel and to the battery. The five LEDs protrude from the side of the case, indicating the charging state and thermistor connection errors. The charging LEDs do not light if the solar panel is not delivering power to charge the battery. Circuit details The full circuit for the Solar Charge Controller is shown in Fig.5. It’s based on a PIC16F88-I/P microcontroller, IC1. The micro’s inputs monitor the solar panel voltage and current, battery February 2011  41 42  Silicon Chip siliconchip.com.au Fig.5: the circuit for the 12/24V Solar Charge Controller is based on PIC16F88-I/P microcontroller IC1. This monitors the solar panel voltage and current, the battery voltage, temperature (via the NTC thermistor), the compensation trimpot position and the equalisation switch S1. The resulting PWM (pulse width modulation) output on pin 9 of IC1 then drives Mosfet Q1 via transistors Q2 & Q3, while several other outputs drive the charge indication LEDs. voltage, temperature (using an NTC thermistor), compensation trimpot position and the equalisation switch (S1). IC1 then controls the drive to Mosfet Q1 and also the charge indication LEDs. For charging, a switchmode stepdown circuit is used as previously described. Mosfet Q1 is a P-channel type that switches on when its gate voltage is negative with respect to its source. The voltage at Q1’s source (via the solar panel and diode D1) can range up to about 21.8V when there is no load on the solar panel. Diodes D1 and D2 are each shown as two diodes connected in parallel. These diode pairs are within a single package and are designed to be connected in parallel, to increase the continuous current rating from 10A to almost 20A. Sharing the current Paralleling diodes does not normally result in current being shared equally and typically, one diode carries the majority of the current. This is because the forward voltages of the diodes are not normally well matched and so the diode with the lowest voltage drop will carry most of the current. To make the situation worse, the diode carrying the most current will heat up more, in turn dropping its forward voltage and further increasing its share of the load. That’s because the forward voltage decreases with increasing temperature. By contrast, with a double diode, the two diodes are manufactured on the same silicon die and so each have the same characteristics, including matched forward voltages. They also operate at the same temperature because they are thermally connected. This ensures consistent and almost equal current sharing over temperature. This is confirmed by On Semiconductor’s 20A rating for the two diodes in parallel, compared to a 10A rating for each diode. The switching of Mosfet Q1 is controlled by NPN transistor Q2 which is driven by the PWM output (pin 9) of IC1 via a 100Ω resistor. Q2’s emitter is connected to ground via another 100Ω resistor. With about 5V at Q2’s base, the emitter is at about 4.3V and so there is 43mA through its collector. When Q2 is on, Mosfet Q1’s gate is pulled negative with respect to its source via diode D3 and the 10Ω resiliconchip.com.au WARNING! When charging with the equalisation cycle, the battery will produce hydrogen gas which is explosive. For this reason, make sure that the battery is located in a well-ventilated area during charging. Additionally, if equalisation is used, the battery voltage will rise above 15V and this could damage any equipment connected to it. If there is any risk of damage to such equipment, it should be disconnected during equalisation. A test point (TP>15V & <11.5V) is available on the PC board and this goes to +5V when the battery is above 15V and during the equalisation. This output could be used to automatically disconnect equipment from the battery when the voltage goes above 15V. A suitable circuit for doing this is the DC Relay Switch published in SILICON CHIP, November 2006. The NC (normally closed) relay contact can be used to power the equipment when the battery is below 15V. The relay is energised to open the NC contacts above 15V. This TP>15V & <11.5V output also goes to +5V when the battery voltage drops below 11.5V. It only returns to 0V when the battery voltage subsequently rises above 12V. This output can be used to disconnect equipment when the battery voltage is low, to prevent over-discharge. A latching relay switch would be more effective for this application since the relay only draws power when switching. We plan to publish a suitable latching relay switch in a future issue of SILICON CHIP. sistor, thus switching Q1 on. Its gate is protected from voltages more than 18V below its source (which could damage it) by zener diode ZD2. The zener current is limited to 43mA by Q2’s emitter resistor While Q2 is on, NPN transistor Q3 is off as its base is one diode drop below its emitter, due to D3 being forward biased. Conversely, when IC1 switches Q2 off, Q3’s base is pulled to Q1’s source voltage via a 470Ω resistor. This switches Q3 on, pulling Q1’s gate to its source and thus switching it off. Battery monitoring The battery voltage is monitored at IC1’s AN0 input via a voltage divider comprising a 22kΩ resistor and 20kΩ trimpot (VR3). VR3 is adjusted so that the voltage appearing at AN0 is 0.3125 times the battery voltage. This divider is necessary since the maximum permissible voltage at the AN0 input is 5V. If the battery is at 15V, the voltage at AN0 will be 4.69V. The voltage at AN0 is converted to a digital value within IC1. Ambient temperature is measured using thermistor TH1, which forms a voltage divider with a 100kΩ resistor across the 5V supply. IC1’s AN4 input monitors the resulting voltage and software running within IC1 converts it to a value in degrees Celsius. The temperature compensation setting is made using trimpot VR2, which is monitored by input AN1 of IC1. The voltage at this pin is converted to a mV/°C value, which can range from 0mV/°C with TP2 at 0V (VR2 fully anti-clockwise), up to 50mV/°C when TP2 is at 5V (VR2 fully clockwise). Panel measurements In order to conserve battery power, op amp IC2 is powered from the solar panel. Since we only need to measure the solar panel voltage and current when it is generating power, IC2 can be powered down the rest of the time. IC2’s supply voltage is regulated by 30V zener diode ZD3 and a 100Ω current limiting resistor, in case electromagnetic interference is picked up by the panel wiring. Diode Dl prevents the battery from powering IC2 via Q1’s integral diode and L1. D1 also prevents the battery discharging into the solar panel when it is dark. The solar panel voltage is monitored using a voltage divider consisting of 22kΩ and 4.7kΩ resistors. A 100nF capacitor filters any noise picked up in the panel leads. IC2a buffers the resulting voltage and applies it to input AN2 of IC1. The voltage divider ratio allows for measurements of up to 28V from a 12V solar panel, at which point the voltage February 2011  43 Note that the precision of the voltage and current measurements made by IC1 is not critical. Periodically (every 20 seconds or so), it sweeps Q1’s duty cycle in order to measure the current/ voltage curve of the panel. It uses that to determine the maximum power point and then adjusts Q1’s duty cycle to maintain maximum power. The charge indicator LEDs are driven from five of IC1’s outputs: RA7, RA6, RB7, RB5 & RB6 for the Bulk, Absorption, Float, Thermistor and Equalisation LEDs respectively. Note that four of these share a common 1kΩ limiting resistor as they are only driven one at a time. The Equalisation LED can light at any time so it requires its own limiting resistor. Power supply Fig.6: follow this layout diagram to assemble the board. Q1, Q2, D1 & D2 are mounted vertically and are bolted to the side of the case for heatsinking, while the leads for the LEDs are bent at 90° so that they go through holes in the side of the case. L1 is held in position with a cable tie. This is the view inside the fully-completed unit. You will need to install an extra cable gland if you intend mounting the thermistor next to the battery. at AN2 is almost 5V. Should a higher voltage be experienced, the 2.2kΩ resistor limits the current through AN2’s internal clamp diode. Current through the solar panel is measured by monitoring the voltage developed across a 0.01Ω resistor. With 7A flowing through the panel, the junction of the panel and this re44  Silicon Chip sistor will be at -70mV with respect to ground (ie, -10mV per amp). This is inverted, filtered and amplified by IC2b. Below 1kHz the gain is -45, so IC2b’s output is about 0.45V per amp of current flowing through the solar panel. This voltage is applied to the AN3 input of IC1 via a 2.2kΩ current limiting resistor. Power for IC1 is derived from the 12V battery via a TL499A regulator (REG1). This is a low quiescent current type that can run as a linear step-down regulator and as a switchmode step-up regulator. In this circuit, we are only using the linear function. Its output is trimmed to 5V using VR1. This ensures that measurements taken by IC1’s internal analog-to-digital converter (ADC) are accurate. REG1 is protected from excess voltage by a 30V zener diode and a 330Ω current limiting resistor. The 5V supply is decoupled using a 100µF electrolytic capacitor and a 100nF capacitor at IC1’s supply pin (pin 14). IC1 is reset when power is applied as its Master Clear Input (pin 4) is held low by a 100nF capacitor. This charges via the 33kΩ pull-up resistor, releasing the reset after a short period. This reset arrangement is necessary because the 5V supply rise time is relatively slow due to charging of the three 4700µF capacitors across the 12V supply, which powers the 5V regulator. Diode D4 discharges the 100nF capacitor at power down so that it will provide the power-on reset immediately when power is reapplied. IC1 also includes a brown-out reset that operates if the supply voltage drops below 4V. Protection against reverse polarity connection of both the 12V battery and solar panel is included. If the solar panel is connected with reverse polarity, IC2 is protected because zener diode ZD3 will be forward biased, clamping pin 8 at -0.6V. Diode D1 prevents reverse voltage being applied siliconchip.com.au must be 3mm diameter. Fig.6 shows the parts layout on the PC board. Assembly can begin with the two wire links. These are made from 1.25mm diameter enamelled copper wire. Bend each link so that it fits neatly into the holes provided on the PC board, then scrape off the enamel coating at each end using a sharp hobby knife or abrasive paper, so that it can be soldered in place. Next, install the resistors, using the resistor colour code table as a guide. However, we also advise you to use a DMM to check each value as it is installed, as the colours can sometimes be hard to read. Follow this with diode D3 and zener diodes ZD1ZD3, which must be mounted with the orientations shown. Leave diodes D1 and D2 out for the time being. IC1’s socket is next on the list, followed by REG1, IC2 & Q3. Check that the orientation is correct in each case. Trimpots VR1 & VR2 can now be installed, followed by the 2-way and 4-way screw terminal blocks. Make sure that the latter are orientated with their openings towards the outside edge of the PC board. The 4-way terminal block is made using two 2-way blocks and these must be dovetailed This is the completed PC board, ready for installation in the case. Note that IC1 should be removed from its socket during the setting-up procedure. to the remainder of the circuit. Should the battery be connected back to front, diode D2 conducts via inductor L1 and fuse F1. As a result, the fuse will blow and break the connection. Make sure the board is shaped so it fits into the box. If not, the corners can be cut out and filed to shape until it clears the corner pillars. Before starting the assembly, check the PC board carefully for possible defects (eg, breaks in the tracks or shorts between tracks and pads). Check also that the hole sizes are correct for each component to fit neatly. The screw terminal holes must be 1.25mm in diameter compared to the 0.9mm holes for the ICs, resistors and diodes. Larger holes again are required for the fuse clips, while the board mounting holes Construction The 12V/24V MPPT Solar Charge Controller is built on a PC board coded 14102111 and measuring 111 x 85mm. This is mounted in a diecast box measuring 119 x 94 x 57mm. The PC board is designed to be mounted on 15mm tapped spacers. Table 2: Capacitor Codes Value µF Value IEC Code EIA Code 100nF 0.1µF 100n 104 10nF 0.01µF   10n 103 470pF NA 470p 471 Table 1: Resistor Colour Codes o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o siliconchip.com.au No.   1   1   1   2   1   2   3   1   3   1   1   3   1   1 Value 100kΩ 68kΩ 33kΩ 22kΩ 8.2kΩ 4.7kΩ 2.2kΩ 1.5kΩ 1kΩ 470Ω 1W 330Ω 100Ω 10Ω 0.01Ω 4-Band Code (1%) brown black yellow brown blue grey orange brown orange orange orange brown red red orange brown grey red red brown yellow violet red brown red red red brown brown green red brown brown black red brown yellow violet brown brown orange orange brown brown brown black brown brown brown black black brown not applicable 5-Band Code (1%) brown black black orange brown blue grey black red brown orange orange black red brown red red black red brown grey red black brown brown yellow violet black brown brown red red black brown brown brown green black brown brown brown black black brown brown not applicable orange orange black black brown brown black black black brown brown black black gold brown not applicable February 2011  45 Parts List For Solar Charge Controller 1 PC board, code 14102111, 111 x 85mm 1 diecast aluminium case, 119 x 94 x 57mm 2 IP65 cable glands for 4-8mm diameter cable 3 2-way PC-mount screw terminal blocks, 5.08mm pin spacing (Jaycar HM-3130) 1 SPST mini rocker switch (S1) 1 waterproof switch cap (optional) 1 2-way PC-mount polarised locking pin header (2.54mm pitch) 1 2-way polarised header socket with 2.54mm pin spacing 2 M205 PC-mount fuse clips 1 M205 10A fuse (F1) 1 NTC thermistor, 100kΩ at 25°C (TH1) 1 DIP18 IC socket 1 iron-powdered toroidal core, 28 x 14 x 11mm 4 TO-220 mounting kits (insulating bushes and silicone insulating washers) 4 M3 x 15mm tapped Nylon spacers 4 M3 x 12mm countersink Nylon screws 4 M3 x 10mm machine screws 4 M3 x 6mm machine screws 4 M3 nuts 1 400mm-length of 1.25mm enamelled copper wire 1 50mm-length of medium-duty hookup wire 5 PC stakes 1 100mm cable tie 1 20kΩ horizontal-mount trimpot (VR1) 1 100kΩ horizontal-mount trimpot (VR2) 1 20kΩ multi-turn top adjust trimpot (VR3) Semiconductors 1 PIC16F88-I/P microcontroller programmed with 1410211A. hex (IC1) 1 LM358 dual op amp (IC2) together before installing them on the PC board. The low-value capacitors can now go in, followed by the larger electrolytics. Be sure to orientate the electrolytics correctly. The fuse clips are next. These must 46  Silicon Chip 1 TL499A regulator (REG1) 1 IRF9540 P-channel 100V 23A Mosfet (Q1) 1 TIP31C NPN transistor (Q2) 1 BC337 NPN transistor (Q3) 2 MBR20100CT 10A 100V double Schottky diodes (D1, D2) 2 1N4148 switching diode (D3, D4) 2 30V 1W zener diodes (ZD1, ZD3) 1 18V 1W zener diode (ZD2) 3 3mm green LEDs (LEDs1-3) 1 3mm red LED (LED4) 1 3mm orange LED (LED5) Capacitors 3 4700µF low-ESR 16V PC electrolytic 2 2200µF low-ESR 25V PC electrolytic 1 100µF 16V PC electrolytic 1 10µF 35V PC electrolytic 6 100nF MKT polyester 2 10nF MKT polyester 1 470pF ceramic Resistors (0.25W, 1%) 1 100kΩ 1 1.5kΩ 1 68kΩ 3 1kΩ 1 33kΩ 1 470Ω 1W 2 22kΩ 1 330Ω 1 8.2kΩ 3 100Ω 2 4.7kΩ 1 10Ω 3 2.2kΩ 1 0.01Ω 3W resistor (Welwyn OAR3-R010FI) (Element14 Cat. 120 0365) Parts For 24V Operation 3 1000µF low-ESR 35V PC electrolytic capacitors (instead of 3 x 4700µF 16V) 2 470µF low-ESR 63V PC electrolytic capacitors (instead of 2 x 2200µF 25V) 1 51kΩ 0.25W 1% resistor (instead of 22kΩ) 1 47kΩ 0.25W 1% resistor (instead of 22kΩ) 1 1kΩ 0.25W 1% resistor (instead of 100Ω) go in with their retaining tabs on the outside, otherwise you will not be able to fit the fuse later on. Once they are in, install the 0.01Ω 3W resistor, then fit Q1, Q2, D1 & D2 so that the mounting hole centre in each tab is 21mm above the PC board. In each case, the metal tab must go towards the outside edge of the board – see Fig.6. Installing the LEDs & L1 The LEDs are mounted with their plastic bodies exactly 20mm above the PC board. This is done by pushing each LED down onto a 20mm cardboard spacer inserted between its leads as it is soldered into position. Take care with their orientation – they all face the same way, with the anodes (longer leads) towards L1. These LEDs are later bent over through 90°, to go through holes in the side of the case. Inductor L1 is wound using seven turns of 1.25mm diameter enamelled copper wire on a powdered iron toroidal core. Space the turns evenly. The wire ends are then stripped of the enamel and terminated on the PC board as shown. A cable tie that passes through the centre if the toroid and adjacent holes on either side is then fitted, to secure it in position. Finally, complete the board assembly by installing the polarised locking pin header (at bottom right). Preparing the case Holes are required in the case for the 15mm tapped spacers (to support the PC board), the two cable glands, the LEDs and for mounting Q1, Q2, D1 & D2 (the latter are attached to the case for heatsinking). In addition, you will need a cut-out in the lid to accept the equalisation switch (S1). Start by placing the PC board inside the case and marking out the positions for the four mounting holes. These should then be drilled using a 3mm (or 1/8-inch) drill. Countersink them on the outside of the case. That done, drill the holes for the cable glands. These are located at the end of the box above and adjacent to the terminal blocks. If you intend mounting the thermistor next to the battery, an extra cable gland will be required for its entry lead. The next step is to drill the holes for the LEDs. These holes are positioned 20mm down from the top of the case and you can determine their horizontal locations by temporarily positioning the PC board in the case. Drill these holes to 3mm, then fit the 15mm Nylon spacers to the case, secure the board in position and mark out the mounting holes for Q1, Q2, D1 & D2. Remove the board and drill these mounting holes to 3mm, then use siliconchip.com.au The PC board is mounted inside the case on four M3 x 15mm tapped Nylon spacers. Be sure to use a cable tie to secure the large toroidal inductor (L1), to prevent it moving and breaking its leads. INSULATING WASHER INSULATING BUSH M3 x 10mm SCREW M3 NUT TO220 DEVICE BOX SIDE PC BOARD Fig.7: Q1, Q2, D1 and D2 must be electrically isolated from the case using silicone insulating washers and insulating bushes. After mounting each device, use your DMM (set to a high Ohms range) to check that the metal tab is indeed isolated from the case. an oversize drill to remove any metal swarf so that the area around each hole is perfectly smooth. This is necessary to prevent punchthough of the insulating washers when The next step is to bend the LED leads at right-angles, exactly 12mm up from PC board. A 12mm wide cardboard spacer can be used to get this just right. That done, secure the PC board to the 15mm spacers using four M3 x 6mm screws, then secure the TO-220 devices to the sides of the case as shown in Fig.7. Note that it is necessary to isolate each device tab from the case using an insulating washer and insulating bush. Once they have been installed, use a DMM (set to Ohms) to confirm that the metal tabs are indeed isolated from the metal case. If a low resistance reading is measured, check that the silicone washer for that particular TO-220 device not been punctured. siliconchip.com.au Using 24V Batteries & Solar Panels The Solar Charge Controller can also be used with 24V batteries and 24V solar panels. However, this requires some component changes to the circuit and these are indicated on Fig.5. The changes are as follows: (1) The 22kΩ resistor at pin 3 of IC2a is changed to 47kΩ, the 100Ω resistor feeding ZD3 is changed to 1kΩ and the 22kΩ resistor at the AN0 input of IC1 is changed to 51kΩ. (2) The 2200µF 25V low-ESR capacitors are all changed to 470µF 63V low ESR types, while the 4700µF 16V low-ESR capacitors are changed to 1000µF 35V low-ESR types. (3) The number of turns for L1 is increased from seven to 10. Note that the dissipation in Q2 will rise to around 500mW but suitable heatsinking is already provided by the case. Several set-up changes are also required: (1) The voltage at TP1 (set by VR3) must now be the battery voltage x 0.15625 (instead of 0.3125). (2) The voltage at TP2 for temperature compensation must be half that set for 12V operation. For example, for 38mV/°C compensation with a 24V battery, TP2 should read 1.9V (not 3.8V). February 2011  47 and TP GND and adjust VR3 so that the DMM reads the calculated figure. For example, if the battery terminal voltage is 12.0V, TP1 should read 3.75V. (5) Adjust VR2 so that TP2 reads the required temperature compensation value in mV/°C for your battery. This will be between 0V and 5V, representing 0-50mV/°C, ie, 1V = 10mV/°C. You can find the recommended temperature compensation for your battery by looking up its specifications. Usually the compensation is specified on a graph showing its fully-charged voltage against temperature. This can be converted to a mV/°C figure by measuring its slope. (6) Disconnect the 12V supply, wait for the 5V rail (at TP5V) to drop to 0V, then plug IC1 into its socket. Installing TH1 & S1 Fig.8: this full-size front panel artwork can be used help mark out the hole positions for the LEDs, the cable glands. It can also be used as a drilling template for the switch cut-out – see text. The front-panel label (Fig.8) can now be used as cutting template for switch S1 which mounts on the case lid. This label can either be copied or downloaded in PDF format from the SILICON CHIP website and printed out. To make the cut-out, secure the template using adhesive tape, then drill a series of small holes around the inside perimeter. It’s then just a matter of knocking out the centre piece and filing to a smooth finish. Once the hole has been made, laminate a second copy of the label and attach it to the lid using some silicone sealant. Wait 24 hours for the silicone to cure, then cut out the rectangular switch hole in the label using a sharp hobby knife. Setting up The step-by-step setting up procedure is as follows: (1) Check that IC1 is OUT of its socket, then fit the fuse and apply 12V to the battery input terminals (leave S1 disconnected for the time being). (2) Connect a DMM between TP5V and TP GND and adjust VR1 for a reading of 5.0V. (3) Measure the voltage across the battery terminals and multiply this by 0.3125 using a calculator. (4) Connect your DMM between TP1 Cable Resistance Must Be Kept Low When the Solar Charge Controller is used with a 120W panel, charging current to the battery can be as high as 10A. Hence, the cable resistance between the Charge Controller and the battery should be made as low as possible, otherwise voltage losses will affect the changeover from the bulk charge to the absorption stage of charging. This will reduce the overall charging efficacy. To minimise these voltage losses, mount the charger close to the battery and use heavy duty cables. For a total cable length of less than one metre (ie, total wire length for the positive and negative wires), cables with a cross-sectional area of 1.29mm square (eg, 41 x 0.2mm) can be used. This will result in a voltage loss of about 100mV at 10A. For longer wire lengths use heavier duty cable. For example, 8-gauge wire with 7 x 95/0.12mm wire with a cross sectional area of 7.5mm can be used up to 5.5m in total length. The specified Weidmuller screw terminal blocks (Jaycar HM-3130) are rated at 17.5A (IEC) and can accept wire diameters up to 2.5mm. 48  Silicon Chip Thermistor TH1 can either be secured directly to the 2-way terminal block on the PC board or located near the battery. In the latter case, you will have to run a figure-8 lead from the terminal block to the thermistor via an extra cable gland. This lead should be soldered to the thermistor and the solder joints insulated with tubing. Switch S1 is connected to the PC board via the 2-way polarised header – see photo. After that, it’s just a matter of connecting the panel and the battery. Keep in mind that if the panel is made up from multiple solar cells, it is best to connect a diode across each cell which is reverse biased during normal operation. Otherwise, if one cell is in shade the whole panel will not generate any power. These diodes must be rated to withstand the shortcircuit current of the panel. Finally, if you are using the unit in a marine environment, the box should be waterproofed. Any exposed M3 screws should be marine grade stainless steel, while the spacers inside the case and the securing screws can be Nylon or stainless steel. The cable glands provide waterproofing for the lead entries but the lid will need to be sealed with neutralcure silicone sealant. Additionally, the LEDs will need to be sealed around their entry holes using silicone sealant. The external screws should also be waterproofed with silicone. Switch S1 can be made waterproof by fitting a waterproof switch cover, SC as shown in the lead photo. siliconchip.com.au