Silicon ChipNull Your Amplifier's DC Output To Zero - September 1989 SILICON CHIP
  1. Outer Front Cover
  2. Contents
  3. Publisher's Letter: Saving electrical energy is a question of tariffs
  4. Feature: Electronics For Everyone by Leo Simpson
  5. Subscriptions
  6. Vintage Radio: Valve portables - hard on batteries by John Hill
  7. Feature: Scopeman Video Microscope by Leo Simpson
  8. Project: 2-Chip Portable AM Stereo Radio by Steve Payor
  9. Project: Alarm-Triggered Telephone Dialler by Greg Swain
  10. Back Issues
  11. Serviceman's Log: It's a long way to trip a "rarery" by The TV Serviceman
  12. Project: High Or Low Level Fluid Detector by Peter Gray
  13. Project: Studio Series 20-Band Stereo Equaliser by Leo Simpson & Bob Flynn
  14. Feature: Amateur Radio by Garry Cratt, VK2YBX
  15. Feature: Computer Bits by Jennifer Bonnitcha
  16. Project: Null Your Amplifier's DC Output To Zero by John Clarke
  17. Feature: The Way I See It by Neville Williams
  18. Feature: The Evolution of Electric Railways by Bryan Maher
  19. Market Centre
  20. Outer Back Cover

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Articles in this series:
  • Electronics For Everyone (March 1989)
  • Electronics For Everyone (March 1989)
  • Electronics For Everyone (April 1989)
  • Electronics For Everyone (April 1989)
  • Electronics For Everyone (May 1989)
  • Electronics For Everyone (May 1989)
  • Electronics For Everyone (September 1989)
  • Electronics For Everyone (September 1989)
  • Electronics For Everyone (November 1989)
  • Electronics For Everyone (November 1989)
Articles in this series:
  • 2-Chip Portable AM Stereo Radio (September 1989)
  • 2-Chip Portable AM Stereo Radio (September 1989)
  • 2-Chip Portable AM Stereo Radio (October 1989)
  • 2-Chip Portable AM Stereo Radio (October 1989)
  • 2-Chip Portable AM Stereo Radio (November 1989)
  • 2-Chip Portable AM Stereo Radio (November 1989)
Articles in this series:
  • Studio Series 20-Band Stereo Equaliser (August 1989)
  • Studio Series 20-Band Stereo Equaliser (August 1989)
  • Studio Series 20-Band Stereo Equaliser (September 1989)
  • Studio Series 20-Band Stereo Equaliser (September 1989)
Articles in this series:
  • Amateur Radio (November 1987)
  • Amateur Radio (November 1987)
  • Amateur Radio (December 1987)
  • Amateur Radio (December 1987)
  • Amateur Radio (February 1988)
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  • The "Tube" vs. The Microchip (August 1990)
  • The "Tube" vs. The Microchip (August 1990)
  • Amateur Radio (September 1990)
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  • CB Radio Can Now Transmit Data (March 2001)
  • CB Radio Can Now Transmit Data (March 2001)
  • What's On Offer In "Walkie Talkies" (March 2001)
  • What's On Offer In "Walkie Talkies" (March 2001)
  • Stressless Wireless (October 2004)
  • Stressless Wireless (October 2004)
  • WiNRADiO: Marrying A Radio Receiver To A PC (January 2007)
  • WiNRADiO: Marrying A Radio Receiver To A PC (January 2007)
  • “Degen” Synthesised HF Communications Receiver (January 2007)
  • “Degen” Synthesised HF Communications Receiver (January 2007)
  • PICAXE-08M 433MHz Data Transceiver (October 2008)
  • PICAXE-08M 433MHz Data Transceiver (October 2008)
  • Half-Duplex With HopeRF’s HM-TR UHF Transceivers (April 2009)
  • Half-Duplex With HopeRF’s HM-TR UHF Transceivers (April 2009)
  • Dorji 433MHz Wireless Data Modules (January 2012)
  • Dorji 433MHz Wireless Data Modules (January 2012)
Articles in this series:
  • Computer Bits (July 1989)
  • Computer Bits (July 1989)
  • Computer Bits (August 1989)
  • Computer Bits (August 1989)
  • Computer Bits (September 1989)
  • Computer Bits (September 1989)
  • Computer Bits (October 1989)
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  • Computer Bits (November 1989)
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  • Computer Bits (January 1990)
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  • Computer Bits (October 1990)
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  • Computer Bits (January 1991)
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  • CMOS Memory Settings - What To Do When The Battery Goes Flat (May 1995)
  • CMOS Memory Settings - What To Do When The Battery Goes Flat (May 1995)
  • Computer Bits (July 1995)
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  • Computer Bits: Connecting To The Internet With WIndows 95 (October 1995)
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  • Computer Bits (December 1995)
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  • Windows 95: The Hardware That's Required (May 1997)
  • Windows 95: The Hardware That's Required (May 1997)
  • Turning Up Your Hard Disc Drive (June 1997)
  • Turning Up Your Hard Disc Drive (June 1997)
  • Computer Bits (July 1997)
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  • Computer Bits: The Ins & Outs Of Sound Cards (August 1997)
  • Computer Bits: The Ins & Outs Of Sound Cards (August 1997)
  • Computer Bits (September 1997)
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  • Computer Bits (December 1998)
  • Computer Bits (December 1998)
  • Control Your World Using Linux (July 2011)
  • Control Your World Using Linux (July 2011)
Articles in this series:
  • The Way I See It (November 1987)
  • The Way I See It (November 1987)
  • The Way I See It (December 1987)
  • The Way I See It (December 1987)
  • The Way I See It (January 1988)
  • The Way I See It (January 1988)
  • The Way I See It (February 1988)
  • The Way I See It (February 1988)
  • The Way I See It (March 1988)
  • The Way I See It (March 1988)
  • The Way I See It (April 1988)
  • The Way I See It (April 1988)
  • The Way I See It (May 1988)
  • The Way I See It (May 1988)
  • The Way I See It (June 1988)
  • The Way I See It (June 1988)
  • The Way I See it (July 1988)
  • The Way I See it (July 1988)
  • The Way I See It (August 1988)
  • The Way I See It (August 1988)
  • The Way I See It (September 1988)
  • The Way I See It (September 1988)
  • The Way I See It (October 1988)
  • The Way I See It (October 1988)
  • The Way I See It (November 1988)
  • The Way I See It (November 1988)
  • The Way I See It (December 1988)
  • The Way I See It (December 1988)
  • The Way I See It (January 1989)
  • The Way I See It (January 1989)
  • The Way I See It (February 1989)
  • The Way I See It (February 1989)
  • The Way I See It (March 1989)
  • The Way I See It (March 1989)
  • The Way I See It (April 1989)
  • The Way I See It (April 1989)
  • The Way I See It (May 1989)
  • The Way I See It (May 1989)
  • The Way I See It (June 1989)
  • The Way I See It (June 1989)
  • The Way I See It (July 1989)
  • The Way I See It (July 1989)
  • The Way I See It (August 1989)
  • The Way I See It (August 1989)
  • The Way I See It (September 1989)
  • The Way I See It (September 1989)
  • The Way I See It (October 1989)
  • The Way I See It (October 1989)
  • The Way I See It (November 1989)
  • The Way I See It (November 1989)
  • The Way I See It (December 1989)
  • The Way I See It (December 1989)
Articles in this series:
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (November 1987)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (November 1987)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (December 1987)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (December 1987)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (January 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (January 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (February 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (February 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (March 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (March 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (April 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (April 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (May 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (May 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (June 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (June 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (July 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (July 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (August 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (August 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (September 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (September 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (October 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (October 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (November 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (November 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (December 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (December 1988)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (January 1989)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (January 1989)
  • The Evolution Of Electric Railways (February 1989)
  • The Evolution Of Electric Railways (February 1989)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (March 1989)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (March 1989)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (April 1989)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (April 1989)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (May 1989)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (May 1989)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (June 1989)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (June 1989)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (July 1989)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (July 1989)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (August 1989)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (August 1989)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (September 1989)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (September 1989)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (October 1989)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (October 1989)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (November 1989)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (November 1989)
  • The Evolution Of Electric Railways (December 1989)
  • The Evolution Of Electric Railways (December 1989)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (January 1990)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (January 1990)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (February 1990)
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  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (March 1990)
  • The Evolution of Electric Railways (March 1990)
This photo shows the Auto-Zero circuit installed in the 120W PA Amplifier. It reduces the offset voltage to less than 100JLV. Null your amplifier's DC output to zero The problem with DC coupled power amplifiers is that they all have a residual DC voltage at the output. If this voltage is too high it can cause problems. This simple circuit can be used to null the DC offset down to 100 microvolts or less. Design by JOHN CLARKE All modern power amplifiers are DC coupled and as a result, they all have a small DC voltage at the output. Typically, this is around ± 20 to ± 30mV but it can be a lot more, depending on how well the input differential pair of transistors is matched and what the amplifier's operating temperature is. If your loudspeakers have a nominal impedance of 80 and the 80 SILICON CHIP amplifier has a DC output voltage of 20 to 30mV then you don't really have a problem. On the other hand, if your amplifier has to drive a 70V or 100V line transformer (as in a PA system) or your loudspeakers contain transformers (such as in electrostatics) that is a problem of an entirely different complexion. Transformers present a real problem to power amplifiers because they have a very low primary DC resistance. This is usually around 100 milliohms (0.10) or less. Now if your amplifier has the typical offset voltage quoted above, around ± 30mV or thereabouts, the DC current through the transformer primary winding will be more than 300 milliamps. Clearly, this is a big problem, not only because it can cause saturation of the transformer (which causes severe distortion) but it can also cause severe heating and perhaps even thermal runaway and ultimate destruction of the amplifier. Our Auto-Zero circuit brings the DC output offset of any amplifier down to a small fraction of a millivolt. It uses a new integrated circuit from National Semiconductor, the LMC669, which has been +50V 0.47 PARTS LIST 2.2k o-=t'•+~Wr....-----11----t LINE TRANSFORMER 22k ..,. -50V 22k 1k 120W PA AMPLIFIER CONFIGURATION Fig.la: basic configuration of the 120W PA Amplifier (December 1988). The power amplifier drives a 100V line transformer. 0.47 <>-=I + 2 2k • LINE TRANSFORMER INPUT -50V 1 PC board, code SC01108891, 69 x 75mm 1 LMC669CCN auto-zero IC (20-pin version) 2 1 5V 1W zener diodes 7 PC pins Capacitors 2 1 0µF 1 6VW PC electrolytic capacitors 3 0.1 µF metallised polyester capacitors 1 .0022µF metallised polyester capacitor Resistors (¼W, 5%) 2 100k!l 2 1 0k!l 1 5.6k!l 1 4.7k!l 2 1.8k!l 5W wirewound 1 330 22k 1k No effect on amplifier performance + 22:r +50V -50V CORRECTING VOLTAGE OUTPUT AMPLIRER SIGNAL GROUND OUTPUT OFFSET INPUT AUTO ZERO MODULE -. -. AMPLIFIER POWER GROUND AUTO ZERO MODULE CONNECTED TO 120W PA AMPLIFIER Fig.lb: how the Auto-Zero module is connected into circuit. It samples the amplifier's output and applies a correction signal back to the input via the 22k0 resistor. designed for just this sort of application. While our circuit may be simple, the LMC669 is not a simple device. It contains a four stage comparator for sampling, a clock and divider circuit, an internal reference voltage and an output amplifier. In effect, the LMC669 can be regarded as a very precise DC operational amplifier with an extremely low DC offset error. When connected in the Auto-Zero circuit, it works to reduce the output offset of the external amplifier by comparing it to an internal reference voltage. When the DC output of the external amplifier swings above or below ground by more than 10µ V (the typical offset of the LMC669's comparator), the Auto-Zero circuit applies a correction signal to the input of the amplifier and so brings it back to zero. The correction process is not immediate but takes place progressively in a large number of ever-decreasing steps as the LMC669 continually samples the amplifier output voltage, generates another smaller correction and so on. Ultimately though, depending on how large the initial offset error voltage is, the LMC669 will settle at a final minimum offset of less than 100µV. While the Auto-Zero effectively nulls out any DC errors in the output of a DC-coupled amplifier, it does not limit the performance in any way. It has no effect on the amplifier's residual noise, frequency response, slew rate, harmonic distortion or any other parameter. The proviso here, of course, is that the Auto-Zero circuit needs to be connected in a particular way, otherwise performance could be prejudiced. Fig.1 shows a typical connection of the Auto-Zero circuit module to a power amplifier such as our 120W power amplifier described in the December 1988 issue of SILICON CHIP. This amplifier was designed to have a particularly low offset voltage but we are using it as an example of how any amplifier could be corrected. The existing 22k!l input bias resistor in the 120W amplifier must be disconnected from the 0V line and connected instead to the correction output of the Auto-Zero module. The only other connections required from the power amplifier are from the amplifier output, the input reference line and the positive and negative supply lines. Fig.2 shows the circuit of the SEPTEMBER 1989 81 *R1 1.Bk 5W 100k P O S I T I V E O - ~ f r l r - - + - - - - - - - - - - -....w.A.-e---. SUPPLY 10 16VW 0.1 + _ AMPLIFIER POWER GROUNO u----------+-----i,-----+-------+----------- AMPLIFIER u---------------~ POWER GROUNO v+ 1 13 15 12 •RESET OUTPUT OFFSET 100k INPUT 0-'YW,~>---.........,..-t (FROM AMPLIFIER 10 + OUTPUT) 16VW 10k CORRECTING --+--'4'A.7~k,+--t--ov8~JtJ/ OUTFe----11...--.is'N.&111,k IN1 IC1 LMC669 IN OUT REF REF 2 6 , - AGND 3 14 0.1 19 9 (TO GROUND END OF NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER BIAS RESISTOR) 10 AMPLIFIER SIGNAL GROUNO v----------+-------------------------~ 0.1, *SEE TEXT N~~m~EO-..,*'NR\1112- - - - - - _ _ . 1.Bk 5W AUTO ZERO Fig.2: the Auto-Zero circuit is based on National Semiconductor's LMC669 IC. It reduces the output offset of an external amplifier by comparing any offset to an internal reference voltage. A correction signal is then applied to the amplifier's input. The parts for the Auto-Zero circuit are all accommodated on a small PC board. This should fit easily into virtually any amplifier. 82 SILICON CHIP Auto-Zero module itself. The connection from the amplifier output is via a voltage divider consisting of two resistors, lO0kD and lOkD. This divider protects the input of the LMC669 in case a large DC fault appears at the output of the amplifier. A lOµF capacitor filters the signal from the divider so the circuit only responds to DC and frequencies below about 1.8Hz. The resultant slowly varying signal is fed to INl and IN2 (pins 1 and 20) on the LMC669. At the output of the LMC669 is a .0022µF capacitor which smoothes out the voltage steps produced by the circuit. The output is then further filtered by a series 5.6kD resistor and O. lµF capacitor after which it is fed to a voltage divider consisting of a 4. 7kD and 330 resistor. Note that the LMC669 includes three analog signal ground pins (3, 14 & 19) and a separate data ground, pin 18. The analog grounds allow the INl, IN2 and INREF inputs (pins 1, 20 & 2) to have a grounded "guard" electrode incorporated into the printed circuit pattern. The guard electrode helps OUTPUT OFFSET INPUT ____.... ~t~Jf! AMPu:wM~NAL ---1.111 I '""'...::---•AMPLIFIER POWER GROUND CORRECTING VOLTAGE-----41,l OUTPUT NEGATIVE SUPPLY Fig.3: here's how to install the parts on the PC board. Use PC stakes to terminate the external wiring connections and take care with the orientation of polarised components. package for the LMC669. This is denoted as LMC669CCN. As noted previously, we installed the Auto-Zero circuit into the 120W public address amplifier. We made up a couple of small brackets to mount the Auto-Zero board above the amplifier board. After that, the various leads need to be run to the amplifier board and the positive and negative supply capacitors. Connect the offset input to the output of the power amplifier. To connect the correction voltage output from the Auto-Zero board to the power amplifier, the earthy end of the 22k0 resistor at the input of the power amplifier needs to be lifted from the PCB. The resistor is then stood on end and the correction voltage lead soldered to the free end. When all wiring is complete, check it very carefully. The amplifier operation can then be checked, without any load connected. Turn on the power and measure the output voltage at the amplifier with a digital multimeter. The voltage should quickly settle to below ± 0.1 millivolts. ~ D.DAUNER ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS WE STOCK A WIDE RANGE OF ELECTRONIC PARTS Fig.4: this is an actual size reproduction of the PC artwork. • shield the inputs against spurious signals which may cause errors in the circuit operation. The separate grounds also help prevent the noise from the digital switching within the IC reaching the analog ground and thence into the amplifier. Our circuit shows a number of link options (LKl, LK2, LK3 and LK4) which enable the internal clock speed of the LMC669 to be selected. However, links LK 1 and LK2 are the ones to be used, as shown on the PC component overlay diagram of Fig.3. Power for the Auto-Zero circuit is derived from the amplifier supply lines using dropping 1.8k0 5W resistors Rl and R2 and regulating with 15V zener diodes. The 1.8k0 dropping resistors will be suitable for powering the circuit from amplifiers with supply voltages ranging from ± 40V to ± 90V. Construction The Auto-Zero is assembled onto a small printed circuit board measuring 69 x 74mm (code SC 01108891). The main things to watch out for when assembling the board is the polarity of the zener diodes and the electrolytic capacitors, and the orientation of the LMC669. Note that we used the more readily available 20-pin for Development • Repair • Radio Amateur • Industrial Electronic • Analog and Digital WHILE STOCKS LAST * THE FAMOUS TR-DIP METER * (as featured May '89) $98.00 CRO-VALVE 3ACP2A $45.00 * PHILIPS IR-IMAGE CONVERTER VALVE XX1080 $45.00 (For use in infrared sight experiment systems) Come and see. Showroom: 51 Georges Crescent, Georges Hall, NSW 2198 (Behind Caltex Service Station In Blrdwood Road) Phone 724 6982 TRADING HOURS: Monday to Friday 9.00 a.m. to 4.00 p.m. Saturday from 9.00 a.m. to 12.00 noon. SEPTEMBER1989 83