LM4562 distortion test
method is flawed
Your article on measuring distortion in the LM4562, published
in the August 2007 issue, tries to validate a flawed test technique used by
National Semiconductor. I recently debunked this in my online forum
at:
http://ska-audio.com/Forum/YaBB.pl?num=1185394996/0#0
A different solar hot water system experience
I was bemused to read the article in the August 2007 issue "How
to Cut Your Greenhouse Emissions Part 2"; bemused because my experience with
solar hot water is so different.
I happen to live just inside the tropics in the light
green-shaded area in the map on page 10, the 75-80% zone. Two years ago I had a
solar hot-water system installed at home when the aged electric system gave up
the ghost. I opted for a marginally larger capacity model than the minimum
recommended, as the additional cost was less than 10% at the time.
I also opted to move from off-peak electricity, with its
minimum monthly charge, to standard tariff (costs more per kWh but no minimum
charge) and only switch on the booster when needed. There’s no reticulated gas
supply here, so gas boosted wasn’t an option.
Having now lived with solar hot water for two years, I can
report on how often I’ve had to switch on the electric booster. The answer is
once during winter in 2006 for two hours, and twice during winter 2007 for four
hours total. We had only one lukewarm shower experience during those two years
due to my not turning the booster on early enough.
The only behavioural modification for the household, post
solar, was evening rather than morning showers. Cold water washing was already
the norm. Do I recommend solar hot water to friends and neighbours? Of course!
And No, I don’t work in the plumbing or solar hot water industries. Ross Dannecker,
Rockhampton, Qld.
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I also detailed this back in 1992 through the letters column of
Wireless World when Burr-Brown used much the same technique. It gives great
marketable figures but it’s not good technique. Now NS have adopted it. The test
uses a full unity gain CM signal then effectively divides it by 100 along with
the feedback-affected circuit distortions.
Do I have a better way? Well, the scaling method will work OK
with inverting mode. Do a x-100 test and divide it for the x1 figure, which in
this case will likely be very low. The x100 result could be compared with the
existing test result. If there is any difference it could be CM distortion but
it would need to be in the same order of magnitude to show.
In short, the dominant distortions in an op amp are common mode
distortion, which doesn’t generally change greatly with level, and the loop
distortion reduced by negative feedback. To use a technique that assesses total
distortion in a x100 loop with a x1 common mode signal, and divides the result
by 100 for a unity gain distortion result, devalues the CM distortion 100 times
as it is already x1 as measured.
Common mode distortion is often the baseline THD of op amps
over much of the audio range when operated in non-inverting mode, the loop
distortion falling with increasing feed-back to just above the open loop pole
frequency.
Your measured figure of predominantly 2HD at 0.0025% could well
be the x1 CM distortion not x-100 loop distortion. The test is invalid – but
great for low figures!
Greg Ball,
Banksia Beach, Qld.
Comment: Your letter has been thought provoking to say the
least. We were not aware of your debunking. Did Burr-Brown or National
Semiconductor ever reply to your criticism?
But triggered by your letter, try as we might, we cannot work
out any way to measure or estimate CM distortion. The CMRR (common mode
rejection ratio) of the LM4562 is -120dB which means that if the op amp has a
closed loop gain of say, +20dB, the CM gain will be -100dB. Even if you then
apply the maximum permissible CM signal of 20V P-P, the resulting output will
only be 0.2mV P-P which is hardly enough to measure or estimate any likely CM
distortion.
Looking at it another way, if we assume that CM distortion is
10% (ie, really bad), then the CM distortion component of a THD measurement for
an LM4562 op amp circuit with a gain of say +10dB, is going to be around -130dB
or .00003%. Which is in the ball-park of our measurements!
Incidentally, we are not saying that your debunking of the
distortion measuring method is wrong but in the case of the LM4562, the
difference may simply be academic. Nor do we understand, if the method is
inappropriate for a non-inverting op amp, how it can be correct for the
inverting op amp. Surely the same "common mode failure" would apply?
Toyota’s sensible solution for speedo calibration
It has been a while coming but like all good things, it was
worth the wait. Since my letter in the February 2007 issue on the major speedo
error in my Toyota Yaris, Toyota has recently fitted it with a new instrument
panel.
I recently spent 1.5 hours checking the new speedo at the same
location as the original test. Several runs were made on the near perfectly
straight 8km section of road. Speeds tested were 60km/h, 80km/h and 100km/h.
The test regime was to drive for about one kilometre at the
steady indicated speed on the speedo, before taking a photograph of the GPS, for
each speed range tested. The reason for this was to allow the GPS to stabilise
for an accurate reading. The odometer was also checked over a 10km distance, as
measured by the GPS.
The results were as follows:
(1) 60km/h indicated; GPS reading 57.4km/h
(2) 80km/h indicated; GPS reading 76.7km/h
(3) 100km/h indicated; GPS reading 97.0km/h
(4) Odo 10km indicated; GPS reading 9.91km
This test revealed a fixed error margin of indicated speed
versus actual road speed, over all speed ranges tested. The average speed
difference was slightly less than 3km/h.
It would appear that the replacement instrument panel has had a
total redesign, which possibly incorporates intelligent microprocessor handling
of sensor inputs relative to displayed speed, over the tested speed range.
The original instrument panel had a fixed error percentage over
its tested speed range, meaning the faster the vehicle speed, the worse the
error between actual road speed and indicated speed.
Both instrument panels were tested for odometer accuracy and
found to be within 1% difference between indicated and the GPS over a 10km
distance. The results of this test have proven that the new instrument panel has
far greater accuracy than the original.
The small fixed speed reading difference between indicated and
actual speeds is very acceptable and should take into account any small
mechanical or tyre variations over the service life of the vehicle, and still be
compliant with the relevant Australian Design Rules. Jack Chomley,
North Rockhampton, Qld.
Comment: what a great result. This proves that car
manufacturers can produce a speedo which is reasonably accurate while still
allowing for mechanical and tyre variations.
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