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Letters and emails should contain complete name, address and daytime phone number. Letters to the Editor are submitted on the condition that Silicon Chip Publications Pty Ltd may edit and has the right to reproduce in electronic form and communicate these letters. This also applies to submissions to "Ask SILICON CHIP" and "Circuit Notebook".

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LM4562 distortion test
method is flawed

Your article on measuring distortion in the LM4562, published in the August 2007 issue, tries to validate a flawed test technique used by National Semiconductor. I recently debunked this in my online forum at:

http://ska-audio.com/Forum/YaBB.pl?num=1185394996/0#0

A different solar hot water system experience

I was bemused to read the article in the August 2007 issue "How to Cut Your Greenhouse Emissions Part 2"; bemused because my experience with solar hot water is so different.

I happen to live just inside the tropics in the light green-shaded area in the map on page 10, the 75-80% zone. Two years ago I had a solar hot-water system installed at home when the aged electric system gave up the ghost. I opted for a marginally larger capacity model than the minimum recommended, as the additional cost was less than 10% at the time.

I also opted to move from off-peak electricity, with its minimum monthly charge, to standard tariff (costs more per kWh but no minimum charge) and only switch on the booster when needed. There’s no reticulated gas supply here, so gas boosted wasn’t an option.

Having now lived with solar hot water for two years, I can report on how often I’ve had to switch on the electric booster. The answer is once during winter in 2006 for two hours, and twice during winter 2007 for four hours total. We had only one lukewarm shower experience during those two years due to my not turning the booster on early enough.

The only behavioural modification for the household, post solar, was evening rather than morning showers. Cold water washing was already the norm. Do I recommend solar hot water to friends and neighbours? Of course! And No, I don’t work in the plumbing or solar hot water industries.

Ross Dannecker,

Rockhampton, Qld.

I also detailed this back in 1992 through the letters column of Wireless World when Burr-Brown used much the same technique. It gives great marketable figures but it’s not good technique. Now NS have adopted it. The test uses a full unity gain CM signal then effectively divides it by 100 along with the feedback-affected circuit distortions.

Do I have a better way? Well, the scaling method will work OK with inverting mode. Do a x-100 test and divide it for the x1 figure, which in this case will likely be very low. The x100 result could be compared with the existing test result. If there is any difference it could be CM distortion but it would need to be in the same order of magnitude to show.

In short, the dominant distortions in an op amp are common mode distortion, which doesn’t generally change greatly with level, and the loop distortion reduced by negative feedback. To use a technique that assesses total distortion in a x100 loop with a x1 common mode signal, and divides the result by 100 for a unity gain distortion result, devalues the CM distortion 100 times as it is already x1 as measured.

Common mode distortion is often the baseline THD of op amps over much of the audio range when operated in non-inverting mode, the loop distortion falling with increasing feed-back to just above the open loop pole frequency.

Your measured figure of predominantly 2HD at 0.0025% could well be the x1 CM distortion not x-100 loop distortion. The test is invalid – but great for low figures!

Greg Ball,

Banksia Beach, Qld.

Comment: Your letter has been thought provoking to say the least. We were not aware of your debunking. Did Burr-Brown or National Semiconductor ever reply to your criticism?

But triggered by your letter, try as we might, we cannot work out any way to measure or estimate CM distortion. The CMRR (common mode rejection ratio) of the LM4562 is -120dB which means that if the op amp has a closed loop gain of say, +20dB, the CM gain will be -100dB. Even if you then apply the maximum permissible CM signal of 20V P-P, the resulting output will only be 0.2mV P-P which is hardly enough to measure or estimate any likely CM distortion.

Looking at it another way, if we assume that CM distortion is 10% (ie, really bad), then the CM distortion component of a THD measurement for an LM4562 op amp circuit with a gain of say +10dB, is going to be around -130dB or .00003%. Which is in the ball-park of our measurements!

Incidentally, we are not saying that your debunking of the distortion measuring method is wrong but in the case of the LM4562, the difference may simply be academic. Nor do we understand, if the method is inappropriate for a non-inverting op amp, how it can be correct for the inverting op amp. Surely the same "common mode failure" would apply?

Toyota’s sensible solution for speedo calibration

It has been a while coming but like all good things, it was worth the wait. Since my letter in the February 2007 issue on the major speedo error in my Toyota Yaris, Toyota has recently fitted it with a new instrument panel.

I recently spent 1.5 hours checking the new speedo at the same location as the original test. Several runs were made on the near perfectly straight 8km section of road. Speeds tested were 60km/h, 80km/h and 100km/h.

Click for larger image

The test regime was to drive for about one kilometre at the steady indicated speed on the speedo, before taking a photograph of the GPS, for each speed range tested. The reason for this was to allow the GPS to stabilise for an accurate reading. The odometer was also checked over a 10km distance, as measured by the GPS.

The results were as follows:

(1) 60km/h indicated; GPS reading 57.4km/h

(2) 80km/h indicated; GPS reading 76.7km/h

(3) 100km/h indicated; GPS reading 97.0km/h

(4) Odo 10km indicated; GPS reading 9.91km

This test revealed a fixed error margin of indicated speed versus actual road speed, over all speed ranges tested. The average speed difference was slightly less than 3km/h.

It would appear that the replacement instrument panel has had a total redesign, which possibly incorporates intelligent microprocessor handling of sensor inputs relative to displayed speed, over the tested speed range.

The original instrument panel had a fixed error percentage over its tested speed range, meaning the faster the vehicle speed, the worse the error between actual road speed and indicated speed.

Both instrument panels were tested for odometer accuracy and found to be within 1% difference between indicated and the GPS over a 10km distance. The results of this test have proven that the new instrument panel has far greater accuracy than the original.

The small fixed speed reading difference between indicated and actual speeds is very acceptable and should take into account any small mechanical or tyre variations over the service life of the vehicle, and still be compliant with the relevant Australian Design Rules.

Jack Chomley,

North Rockhampton, Qld.

Comment: what a great result. This proves that car manufacturers can produce a speedo which is reasonably accurate while still allowing for mechanical and tyre variations.

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